The preparation of this casebook was undertaken by the Operations Research Office as the third in a series of three manuals (other two: ORO-T-214, "The Nature of Psychological Warfare," and ORO-T-222, "Target Analysis and Media in Propaganda to Audiences Abroad") designed to serve as training guides and reference sources for personnel assigned to or interested in psychological warfare planning and operations. Although this casebook was prepared primarily to meet the particular needs of Army personnel, it early became evident that it would be impracticable to dissociate the foreign propaganda activities of psychological warfare personnel in the Army from those in the Navy and Air Force and from such civilian agencies as the World War II Office of War Information (OWI) or the present-day US Information Agency (USIA). Thus "psychological warfare," as defined and used in this study, is an all-inclusive term. As used in this casebook the term encompasses both peacetime and wartime activities and is designed to support both military and political operations. Thus, it is believed that this study may prove useful to more than the limited number of individuals within the Army who may be assigned psychological warfare responsibilities.

It was indicated in the preface of the first two manuals of this series on psychological warfare that the Operations Research Office undertook the preparation of these training guides and reference works when the need for them first became apparent and at a time when only ORO was actively engaged in a research effort designed to support the Army psychological warfare program. However, the preparation of manuals such as this casebook is not considered to be the normal function of an operations research agency.

It is believed that the large fund of knowledge of past psychological warfare operations the methods, techniques, and achievements—that is the heritage of World War II and earlier struggles, when considered along with the generally disorganized state of this knowledge and the various theories as to the nature of psychological warfare, makes a case-study approach to the subject a useful one for training and reference purposes.

The compilation of case materials presented in this study is not put forth with any sense of finality. The contents reflect the considered judgments of those responsible for its preparation. It is recognized that the casebook is restricted in scope owing to the limited horizons and experiences of the authors and the inadequacies of the reporting system for past actions.

It is believed, however, that the preparation of this casebook will have been justified if it serves to induce participants and observers of past and current actions to record their experiences more adequately for possible inclusion in later revisions or in new approaches to works of this kind. It is hoped that the volume will be of real value in itself; and in addition, through use and critical review, that it may serve to focus further thought on the subject of psychological warfare and how it may be utilized more effectively in the future as a supporting weapon in our nation's political and military establishments for the attainment of national objectives.

WILLIAM E. DAUGHERTY

BETHESDA, MD.
November 1957